Hudson River school (mid 1800s)
Name loosely applied to a number of 19thc U.S. Romantic landscape painters who worked mainly, though not exclusively, in the vicinity of the Catskill Mountains and the Hudson River. They were never an organized group but shared a sense of wonderment at the grandeur of the newly discovered American landscape. Painstaking attention to detail is a common feature of their style. A. Bierstadt, F. E. Church, T. Cole and T. Doughty are among the many representatives of the school.
Symbolism (1885-1910)
A movement in European literature and the visual arts c. 1885-c. 1910, based on the notion that the prime concern of art was not to depict, but that ideas were to be suggested by symbols, thus rejecting objectivity in favour of the subjective. It combined religious mysticism with an interest in the decadent and the erotic. Among the artists associated with the movement were Redon, G. Moreau and Puvis de Chabannes in France, F. Khnopff in Belgium, J. Toorop in Holland, F. Hodler in Switzerland. G. Klimt in Austria and G. Segantini in Italy.
Orphism (1911-1914)
A tendency of abstract art in Paris 1911-1914. In 1912 Apollinaire called the Cubist painting of R. Delaunay ‘Orphic’, linking it with that of Leger, Picabia, Marcel Duchamp and some works of the Picasso and F. Kupka. The name has only stayed with the painting of Delaunay and his wife Sonia Terk Delaunay, who experimented with colour circles, segments and rhythms in a style called ‘simultaneity’. 2 U.S. painters, MacDonald Wright and Morgan Russell, stressed colour in a similar way. (Synchronism)
Synchromism (1912)
U.S. art movement, originated in Paris (1912) by S. Macdonald-Wright and M. Russell and joined by P. Bruce and A. Frost. They developed a brilliant chromatic idiom, clearly related to Orphism, and exhibited at the Armory Show(1913).
Pop art (mid 1950’s)
A movement originating in the mid-1950s with the Independent Group who met at the Institute of Contemporary Art, London. Prominent figures were the critic Lawrence Alloway, who coined the term, the architects P. and H. Smithson, the architectural historian Reyner Banham, and the artists E. Paolozzi and R. Hamilton. The basic concept was that of mass popular urban culture as the vernacular culture shared by all. Irrespective of professional skills. Films, advertising, science fiction, pop music etc. and American mass-produced consumer goods were taken as the materials of the new art and a new aesthetic of expendability proposed. Similar ideas were being explored in the U.S.A. independently at about the same time. P. a. in all its manifestations was given its greatest impetus in the U.S.A. during the 1960s, where it came as a reaction to Abstract Expressionism and in fresh responses to Dadaist notions. The most important artists in the establishment of American Pop art were R. Rauschenberg and J. Johns. Other U.S. artists specifically associated with Pop art are J. Dine, R. Indiana, R. Lichtensten, C. Oldenburg, J. Rosenquist, A. Warhol and T. Wesselmann. Artists working in Britain were P. Blake, D. Boshier, D. Hockney, A. Jones and P. Phillips.
Barbizon school (mid 1950’s)
Group of mid 19thc romantic landscape painters who, led by T. Rousseau and J.-F. Millet. Settled in the village of Barbizon in the forest of Fountainebleau. In opposition to academic conventions they painted the ‘paysage intime’, undramatic details of the countryside or peasant life. They were influenced by 17thc Dutch landscapists and Constable, and were forerunners of the Impressionists. Other members of the school included N.-V. Diaz, J. Dupre and G. Daubigny.
Hyper Realism (1970s)
Art of extreme verisimilitude, associated with the U.S.A. in the 1970s but to a lesser extent popular also in Western Europe. In painting it is usually. Though not always, based on the direct copying of photographs; in sculpture it makes much use of direct casts from the human figure.
Neo expressionism (also called Bad Art) (late 1970s- early 1980s)
Term used with reference to the Expressionist art revival in Germany, the U.S.A. and Italy in the late 1970’s and early 1980’s, as practised by artists such as G. Baselitz and A. Kiefer, in Germany, Sandro Chia, F. Clemente and Mimmo Paladino, in Italy, and Julian Schnabel, in the U.S.A.
Space Art (mid 1980s)
Space art is a general term for art emerging from knowledge and ideas associated with outer space, both as a source of inspiration and as a means for visualizing and promoting space travel. Whatever the stylistic path, the artist is generally attempting to communicate ideas somehow related to space, often including appreciation of the infinite variety and vastness which surrounds us. In some cases, artists who consider themselves space artists use more than illustration and painting to communicate scientific discoveries or works depicting space; a new breed of space artists work directly with space flight technology and scientists as an opportunity to expand the arts, humanities and cultural expression relative to space exploration. The first painting to be brought to Earth-orbit was a radiant study of the golden sunlight on a Soviet space station by Russian artist Andrei Sokolov, carried aboard the Soviet Mir space station in the mid 1980s.
Lucien Rudaux (1874-1947)
Ron Miller (1947-)
Sosaku Hanga (1904-)
The Sōsaku hanga (創作版画, lit. "creative prints") art movement in early 20th century Japan.
The birth of the sōsaku hanga movement was signaled by Kanae Yamamoto’s (1882-1946) small print called “Fisherman” in 1904. Departing from the ukiyo-e collaborative system, Kanae Yamamoto Kanae made the print solely on his own, all the way from drawing, carving and printing. Such principles of “self-drawn”, self-carved” and “self-printed” became the foundation of the creative print movement, which struggled for existence in prewar Japan along with other art movements, and gained its momentum and flourished in postwar Japan as the genuine heir of the ukiyo-e tradition.
Bibliography
"Dictionary of art and artists" 1985, By the Thames and Hudson
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_River_School
http://www.askart.com/AskART/interest/base_essay.aspx?id=98&glossary=1&pg=style
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Delaunay
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchromism
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Warhol
http://www.metmuseum.org/works_of_art/collection_database/european_paintings/on_the_banks_of_the_oise/objectView.aspx?&OID=110000520&collID=11&vw=0
http://www.black-cat-studios.com/spaceart.html
http://www.sosakuhanga.net/index.php?page=1900-1910-period
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%8Dsaku_hanga
Odysseus is a Greek king in Greek mythology. During the Trojan War, he was one of the most influential Greek champions. He is renowned for his intelligent attack (the most known one is Trojan Horse trick), whereas the other heros are renowned for thier power.
